Description
Write a program to solve the 8-puzzle problem (and its natural generalizations) using the A* search algorithm.
The problem. The 8-puzzle problem is a puzzle invented and popularized by Noyes Palmer Chapman in the 1870s. It is played on a 3-by-3 grid with 8 square blocks labeled 1 through 8 and a blank square. Your goal is to rearrange the blocks so that they are in order, using as few moves as possible. You are permitted to slide blocks horizontally or vertically into the blank square. The following shows a sequence of legal moves from an initial board (left) to the goal board (right).
1 3 1 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
4 2 5 = 4 2 5 = 4 5 = 4 5 = 4 5 6
7 8 6 7 8 6 7 8 6 7 8 6 7 8
initial 1 left 2 up 5 left goal
Best-first search. Now, we describe a solution to the problem that illustrates a general artificial intelligence methodology known as the A* search algorithm. We define a search node of the game to be a board, the number of moves made to reach the board, and the predecessor search node. First, insert the initial search node (the initial board, 0 moves, and a null predecessor search node) into a priority queue. Then, delete from the priority queue the search node with the minimum priority, and insert onto the priority queue all neighboring search nodes (those that can be reached in one move from the dequeued search node). Repeat this procedure until the search node dequeued corresponds to a goal board. The success of this approach hinges on the choice of priority function for a search node. We consider two priority functions:
Hamming priority function. The number of blocks in the wrong position, plus the number of moves made so far to get to the search node. Intuitively, a search node with a small number of blocks in the wrong position is close to the goal, and we prefer a search node that have been reached using a small number of moves.
Manhattan priority function. The sum of the Manhattan distances (sum of the vertical and horizontal distance) from the blocks to their goal positions, plus the number of moves made so far to get to the search node.
For example, the Hamming and Manhattan priorities of the initial search node below are 5 and 10, respectively.
8 1 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4 2 4 5 6 ———————- ———————-
7 6 5 7 8 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 2 0 0 2 2 0 3
initial goal Hamming = 5 + 0 Manhattan = 10 + 0
We make a key observation: To solve the puzzle from a given search node on the priority queue, the total number of moves we need to make (including those already made) is at least its priority, using either the Hamming or Manhattan priority function. (For Hamming priority, this is true because each block that is out of place must move at least once to reach its goal position. For Manhattan priority, this is true because each block must move its Manhattan distance from its goal position. Note that we do not count the blank square when computing the Hamming or Manhattan priorities.) Consequently, when the goal board is dequeued, we have discovered not only a sequence of moves from the initial board to the goal board, but one that makes the fewest number of moves. (Challenge for the mathematically inclined: prove this fact.)
A critical optimization. Best-first search has one annoying feature: search nodes corresponding to the same board are enqueued on the priority queue many times. To reduce unnecessary exploration of useless search nodes, when considering the neighbors of a search node, don’t enqueue a neighbor if its board is the same as the board of the predecessor search node.
8 1 3 8 1 3 8 1 8 1 3 8 1 3
4 2 4 2 4 2 3 4 2 4 2 5
7 6 5 7 6 5 7 6 5 7 6 5 7 6
predecessor search node neighbor neighbor neighbor
(disallow)
A second optimization. To avoid recomputing the Manhattan priority of a search node from scratch each time during various priority queue operations, pre-compute its value when you construct the search node; save it in an instance variable; and return the saved value as needed. This caching technique is broadly applicable: consider using it in any situation where you are recomputing the same quantity many times and for which computing that quantity is a bottleneck operation.
Game tree. One way to view the computation is as a game tree, where each search node is a node in the game tree and the children of a node correspond to its neighboring search nodes. The root of the game tree is the initial search node; the internal nodes have already been processed; the leaf nodes are maintained in a priority queue; at each step, the A* algorithm removes the node with the smallest priority from the priority queue and processes it (by adding its children to both the game tree and the priority queue).
Detecting unsolvable puzzles. Not all initial boards can lead to the goal board by a sequence of legal moves, including the two below:
1 2 3 1 2 3 4
4 5 6 5 6 7 8
8 7 9 10 11 12
13 15 14
unsolvable
unsolvable
To detect such situations, use the fact that boards are divided into two equivalence classes with respect to reachability: (i) those that lead to the goal board and (ii) those that lead to the goal board if we modify the initial board by swapping any pair of blocks (the blank square is not a block). (Difficult challenge for the mathematically inclined: prove this fact.) To apply the fact, run the A* algorithm on two puzzle instances—one with the initial board and one with the initial board modified by swapping a pair of blocks—in lockstep (alternating back and forth between exploring search nodes in each of the two game trees). Exactly one of the two will lead to the goal board.Board and Solver data types. Organize your program by creating an immutable data type Board with the following API:
public class Board {
public Board(int[][] blocks) // construct a board from an n-by-n array of blocks
// (where blocks[i][j] = block in row i, column j)
public int dimension() // board dimension n
public int hamming() // number of blocks out of place
public int manhattan() // sum of Manhattan distances between blocks and goal
public boolean isGoal() // is this board the goal board?
public Board twin() // a board that is obtained by exchanging any pair of blocks
public boolean equals(Object y) // does this board equal y?
public IterableRelated products
