Description
Assignment 1 Questions
Q1. (28 marks) Data on US cancer mortality rates for over 3000 counties are available in the dataset
cancer_reg.csv available on Blackboard. The data were obtained from the Data World website (https:
//data.world/nrippner/ols-regression-challenge). Read the data set into R and use it to answer the questions
that follow.
We’ll use the subset of variables listed below:
• incidencerate: Mean per capita (100,000) cancer diagnoses1
• medincome: Median annual income (dollars) per county (2
• povertypercent: Percent of county population in poverty2
• studypercap: Per capita number of cancer-related clinical trials per county1
• medianage: Median age (in years) of county residents2
• pctunemployed16_over: Percent of county residents aged 16 and over that are unemployed2
• pctprivatecoverage: Percent of county residents with private health coverage2
• pctbachdeg25_over: Percent of county residents aged 25 and over with bachelor’s degree as highest
education attained2
• target_deathrate: Response variable. Mean per capita (100,000) cancer mortalities1
1 Years 2010-2016 2 2013 Census Estimates
a. (6 marks) Create a new dataset called cancer2 that contains only the subset of variables listed above.
Based on a summary of the variables in the dataset and the plots below, identify any variable or
variables that have obviously incorrect values. For the variables you identify, write and implement code
to filter out the incorrect values. Give the number of observations left in the dataset.
100
200
300
250 500 750 1000 1250
Mean cancer diagnoses
per 100,000
Mortality
100
200
300
250005000075000100000125000
Median income per county
Mortality
100
200
300
10 20 30 40
Percent of population
in poverty
Mortality
100
200
300
0 2500 5000 7500 10000
Number of cancer−related
clinical trials per county
Mortality
0
100
200
300
0 200 400 600
Median age of county
Mortality
100
200
300
0 10 20 30
% aged 16 and over
who are unemployed
Mortality
100
200
300
20 40 60 80
% with private
health coverage
Mortality
100
200
300
10 20 30 40
% aged 25 and over with
Bachelor’s degree as highest qualification Mortality
b. (4 marks) Some data cleaning is done on cancer2 and a new dataset cancer3.csv (available on
Blackboard) is created. Construct a scatterplot matrix of all variables in the new dataset. List any
key points of note from the scatterplot matrix, including any considerations you might make during a
regression analysis.
c. (3 marks) Fit a linear model to the data in cancer3, including all predictors with no transformations
or interactions. Present a summary of the model in a table. Give an estimate of σ
, the error variance.
d. (2 marks) Suppose two counties differ by 1 per 100,000 in mean cancer diagnoses with all else being
equal. Based on the model fitted in part (c), what is the difference in expected cancer mortality for
these two counties?
e. (2 marks) Does it make practical sense to interpret the intercept for the model in part (c)? Justify
your answer.
f. (3 marks) The model fitted in part (c) is to be used to predict cancer mortality for a county with
the predictor values below. Obtain 95% confidence and prediction intervals for such a county. Explain
briefly why the prediction interval is wider than the confidence interval.
• incidencerate: 452
• medincome: 23000
• povertypercent: 16
• studypercap: 150
• medianage: 40
• pctunemployed16_over: 8
• pctprivatecoverage: 70
• pctbachdeg25_over: 50
g. (3 marks) Assuming all regression assumptions hold, are the intervals you obtained in part (f) likely
to be valid? Explain your answer briefly.
h. (3 marks) Based on a global usefulness test, is it worth going on to further analyse and interpret a
model of target_deathrate against each of the predictors? Carry out the test, give the conclusion
and justify your answer.
i. (2 marks) The plots below are constructed from the cleaned dataset cancer3. Which predictors, if
any, would you consider applying log or polynomial transformations to? Explain your answer briefly.
100
200
300
250 500 750 1000 1250
Mean cancer diagnoses
per 100,000
Mortality
100
200
300
250005000075000100000125000
Median income per county
Mortality
100
200
300
10 20 30 40
Percent of population
in poverty
Mortality
100
200
300
0 2500 5000 7500 10000
Number of cancer−related
clinical trials per county
Mortality
100
200
300
30 40 50 60
Median age of county
Mortality
100
200
300
0 10 20 30
% aged 16 and over
who are unemployed
Mortality
100
200
300
20 40 60 80
% with private
health coverage
Mortality
100
200
300
10 20 30 40
% aged 25 and over with
Bachelor’s degree as highest qualification Mortality
Q2. (12 marks) Francis Galton’s 1866 dataset (cleaned) lists individual observations on height for 899
children. Galton coined the term “regression” following his study of how children’s heights related to heights
of their parents. The data are available in the file galton.csv and contain the following variables:
• familyID: Family ID
• father: Height of father
• mother: Height of mother
• gender: gender of child
• height: Height of child
• kids: Number of childre in family
• midparent: Mid-parent height calculated as (‘father + 1.08*mother)/2
• adltchld: height if gender=M, otherwise 1.08*height if gender= F
All heights are measured in inches.
a. (3 marks) Read the data into R and fit a linear model for height with the variables father, mother,
gender, kids and midparent as predictors. Provide a summary of the fitted model. You will notice
that estimates for midparent are listed as NA. Why might this be the case and what regression problem
does this point to?
b. (2 marks) What action might you take to resolve the problem identified in part (a)?
c. (2 marks) Based on the model fitted in part (a) give an interpretation of the coefficient for genderM.
d. (2 marks) Determine the number of families in the dataset.
e. (3 marks) The problem in part (a) is resolved and a new linear model is fitted.No observations are
excluded. The plots below are obtained to investigate regression assumptions for this new model. Based
on your answer in part (d) and the plots below, do the data meet all the regression assumptions?
Explain your answer briefly.
62 64 66 68 70 72 74
−10
0 10
Fitted values
Residuals
Residuals vs Fitted
479
289
60
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
−4
0
4
Theoretical Quantiles
Standardized residuals
Normal Q−Q
479
289
60
62 64 66 68 70 72 74
0.0 1.0 2.0
Fitted values
Standardiz
ed residuals
Scale−Location
479289 60
0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020
−4
0
4
Leverage
Standardized residuals
Cook’s distance
Residuals vs Leverage
815
60
126
Assignment total: 40 marks
4