B561 Assignment 6: Query Translation and Optimization Object-Relational Databases solution

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For this assignment you will need the material covered in the lectures on
Translating SQL to RA, RA query optimizations, and object-relational databases.
For this assignment, you will need to submit 2 files:
1. One such file is a .sql file that contains the SQL code relating to problems
that requires such code.
2. A second file with .pdf extension that contains your solutions for problems
where RA expressions are requested. This .pdf file should also contain the
answer to problems that require essay answers. No handwritten documents can be submitted.
1 Theoretical Problems
1. In the translation algorithm from SQL to RA, when we eliminated set
predicates, we tacitly assumed that the argument of each set predicate
was a (possibly parameterized) SQL query that did not use a UNION,
INTERSECT, or an EXCEPT operation.
In this problem, you are asked to extend the translation algorithm from
SQL to RA such that (possibly parameterized) set predicates [NOT] IN
are eliminated that have as an argument a SQL query that uses a UNION,
INTERSECT, or EXCEPT operation.
More specifically, consider the following types of queries using the [NOT]
IN set predicate.
SELECT L(r1,…,rk)
FROM R1 r1, …, Rk rk
WHERE C1(r1,…,rk) AND
r1.A1 [NOT] IN (SELECT DISTINCT s1.B1
FROM S1 s1,…, S1 sm
WHERE C2(s1,…,sm,r1,…,rk)
[UNION|INTERSECT|EXCEPT]
SELECT DISTINCT t1.C1
FROM T1 t1, …, Tn tn
WHERE C3(t1,…,tn,r1,…,rk))
Notice that there are six cases to consider:
(a) IN (… UNION …)
(b) IN (… INTERSECT …)
(c) IN (… EXCEPT …)
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(d) NOT IN (… UNION …)
(e) NOT IN (… INTERSECT …)
(f) NOT IN (… EXCEPT …)
(a) Show how such SQL queries can be translated to equivalent RA expressions. Be careful in the translation since you should take into
account that projections do not in general distribute over intersections or over set differences.
To get practice, first consider the following special case where k = 1,
m = 1, and n = 1. I.e., the following case: 1
SELECT L(r1)
FROM R1 r1
WHERE C1(r1) AND r1.A [NOT] IN (SELECT DISTINCT s1.B1
FROM S1 s1
WHERE C2(s1,r1)
[UNION|INTERSECT|EXCEPT]
SELECT DISTINCT t1.C1
FROM T1 t1
WHERE C3(t1,r1))
(b) Show how your translation can be improved when the variable “r1”
does not occur in the conditions “C2” and “C3” in the subquery.
You don’t have to solve this query for the general case, but rather
for the SQL query
SELECT L(r)
FROM R1 r1
WHERE C1(r1) [NOT] IN r1.A (SELECT DISTINCT s1.B1
FROM S1 s1
WHERE C2(s1)
[UNION|INTERSECT|EXCEPT]
SELECT DISTINCT t1.C1
FROM T1 t1
WHERE C3(t1))
2. Let R be a relation with schema (a, b, c) and let S be a relation with
schema (a, b, d). You may assume that the domains for the attributes a,
b, and c are the same.
Prove the correctness of the following rewrite rule:
πa(R ./R.a=S.b∧R.b=S.a S) = πa(πa,b(R) ∩ πa,b(S)).
1Once you can handle this case, the general case is a very similar.
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2 Translating and Optimizing SQL Queries to
Equivalent RA Expressions
Using the translation algorithm presented in class, translate each of the following SQL queries into equivalent RA expressions. For each query, provide its
corresponding RA expression in your .pdf file. This RA expression needs to be
formulated in the standard RA syntax.
Then use rewrite rules to optimize each of these RA expressions into an
equivalent but optimized RA expression.
You are required to specify some, but not necessarily all, of the intermediate
steps that you applied during the translations and optimizations. Use your own
judgment to specify the most important steps.
During the optimization, take into account the primary keys and foreign key
constraints that are assumed for the Student, Book, Buys, Major, and Cites
relations.
3. “Find the sid and name of each student who majors in ‘CS’ and who
bought a book that cites a higher priced book. ”
select s.sid, s.sname
from student s
where s.sid in (select m.sid from major m where m.major = ’CS’) and
exists (select 1
from cites c, book b1, book b2
where (s.sid,c.bookno) in (select t.sid, t.bookno from buys t) and
c.bookno = b1.bookno and c.citedbookno = b2.bookno and
b1.price < b2.price);
(a) Using the translation algorithm presented in class, translate this SQL
into and equivalent RA expression formulated in the standard RA
syntax. Specify this RA expression in your .pdf file.
(b) Use the optimization rewrite rules, including those that rely on constraints, to optimize this RA expression. Specify this optimized RA
expression in your .pdf file.
4. Find the sid, name, and major of each student who
• does not major in ‘CS’,
• did not buy a book that less than $30,
• bought some book(s) that cost less than less than $50.
select distinct s.sid, s.sname, m.major
from student s, major m
where s.sid = m.sid and s.sid not in (select m.sid from major m where m.major = ’CS’) and
s.sid <> ALL (select t.sid
from buys t, book b
where t.bookno = b.bookno and b.price < 30) and
s.sid in (select t.sid
from buys t, book b
where t.bookno = b.bookno and b.price < 60);
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(a) Using the translation algorithm presented in class, translate this SQL
into and equivalent RA expression formulated in the standard RA
syntax. Specify this RA expression in your .pdf file.
(b) Use the optimization rewrite rules, including those that rely on constraints, to optimize this RA expression. Specify this optimized RA
expression in your .pdf file.
5. Find each (s, n, b) triple where s is the sid of a student, n is the name of
this student, and where b is the bookno of a book whose price is the most
expensive among the books bought by that student.
select distinct s.sid, s.sname, b.bookno
from student s, buys t, book b
where s.sid = t.sid and t.bookno = b.bookno and
b.price >= ALL (select b.price
from book b
where (s.sid,b.bookno) in (select t.sid, t.bookno from buys t));
(a) Using the translation algorithm presented in class, translate this SQL
into and equivalent RA expression formulated in the standard RA
syntax. Specify this RA expression in your .pdf file.
(b) Use the optimization rewrite rules, including those that rely on constraints, to optimize this RA expression. Specify this optimized RA
expression in your .pdf file.
6. Find the bookno and title of each book that is not bought by all students
who major in both ‘CS’ or in ‘Math’.
select b.bookno, b.title
from book b
where exists (select s.sid
from student s
where s.sid in (select m.sid from major m
where m.major = ’CS’
UNION
select m.sid from major m
where m.major = ’Math’) and
s.sid not in (select t.sid
from buys t
where t.bookno = b.bookno));
(a) Using the translation algorithm presented in class, translate this SQL
into and equivalent RA expression formulated in the standard RA
syntax. Specify this RA expression in your .pdf file.
(b) Use the optimization rewrite rules, including those that rely on constraints, to optimize this RA expression. Specify this optimized RA
expression in your .pdf file.
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3 Experiments to Test the Effectiveness of Query
Optimization
In the following problems, you will conduct experiments to gain insight into
whether or not query optimization can be effective. In other words, can it be
determined experimentally if optimizing an SQL or an RA expression improves
the time (and space) complexity of query evaluation?
You will need to use the PostgreSQL system to do you experiments. Recall
that in SQL you can specify RA expression in a way that mimics it faithfully.
As part of the experiment, you might notice that PostgreSQL’s query optimizer does not fully exploit all the optimization that is possible as discussed in
Lecture 14.
In the following problems you will need to generate artificial data of increasing size and measure the time of evaluating non-optimized and optimized
queries. The size of this data can be in the ten or hundreds of thousands of
tuples. This is necessary because on very small data is it is not possible to gain
sufficient insights into the quality (or lack of quality) of optimization.
Consider a binary relation R(a int, b int). You can think of this relation
as a graph, wherein each pair (a, b) represents and edge from a to b. (We work
with directed graph. In other words edges (a, b) and (b, a) represent two different
edges.) It is possible that R contains self-loops, i.e., edges of the form (a, a).
Besides the relation R we will also use a unary relation S(b int).
Along with this assignment, I have provided the code of two functions
makerandomR(m integer, n integer, l integer)
and
makerandomS(n int, l int)
create or replace function makerandomR(m integer, n integer, l integer)
returns void as
$$
declare i integer; j integer;
begin
drop table if exists Ra; drop table if exists Rb;
drop table if exists R;
create table Ra(a int); create table Rb(b int);
create table R(a int, b int);
for i in 1..m loop insert into Ra values(i); end loop;
for j in 1..n loop insert into Rb values(j); end loop;
insert into R select * from Ra a, Rb b order by random() limit(l);
end;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
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create or replace function makerandomS(n integer, l integer)
returns void as
$$
declare i integer;
begin
drop table if exists Sb;
drop table if exists S;
create table Sb(b int);
create table S(b int);
for i in 1..n loop insert into Sb values(i); end loop;
insert into S select * from Sb order by random() limit (l);
end;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
When you run
select makerandomR(m,n,l);
for some values m, n, and k, this function will generate a random relation
instance for R with l tuples that is subset of [1, m] × [1, n]. For example,
select makerandomR(3,3,4);
might generate the relation instance
R
a b
2 1
3 3
2 3
3 1
But, when you call
select makerandomR(3,3,4)
again, it may now generate a different random relation such as
R
a b
1 2
2 3
3 1
1 1
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Notice that when you call
select makerandomR(1000,1000,1000000)
it will make the entire relation [1, 1000] × [1, 1000] consisting of one million
tuples.
The function makerandomS(n, l) will generate a random set of size l that is
a subset of [1, n].
Now consider the following simple query Q1:
select distinct r1.a
from R r1, R r2
where r1.b = r2.a;
This query can be translated and optimized to the query Q2:
select distinct r1.a
from R r1 natural join (select distinct r2.a as b from R r2) r2;
Image that you have created a relation R using the function makerandomR.
Then when you execute in PostgreSQL the following
explain analyze
select distinct r1.a
from R r1, R r2
where r1.b = r2.a;
the system will return its execution plan as well as the execution time to evaluate
Q1 measured in ms.
And, when you execute in PostgeSQL the following
select distinct r1.a
from R r1 natural join (select distinct r2.a as b from R r2) r2;
the system will return its execution plan as well as the execution time to evaluate
Q2 measured in ms.
This permits us to compare the performance of the non-optimized query Q1
with the optimized Q2 for various-sized relation R.
Here are some of these comparisons for various different random relations R.
makerandomR Q1 (in ms) Q2 (in ms)
(100,100,1000) 4.9 1.5
(500,500,25000) 320.9 28.2
(1000,1000,100000) 2648.3 76.1
(2000,2000,400000) 23143.4 322.0
(5000,5000,2500000) −− 1985.8
The “−−” symbol indicates that I had to stop the experiment because it
was taken too long. (All the experiments where done on a MacBook pro.)
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Notice the significant difference between the execution times of the nonoptimized query Q1 and the optimized query Q2. So clearly, optimization works
on query Q1.
If you look at the query plan of PostgreSQL for Q1, you will notice that it
does a double nested loop and it therefore is O(|R|
2
) whereas for query Q2 it
runs in O(|R|). Clearly, optimization has helped significantly.2
7. Now consider query Q3:
select distinct r1.a
from R r1, R r2, R r3
where r1.b = r2.a and r2.b = r3.a;
(a) Translate and optimize this query and call it Q4. Then write Q4 as
an SQL query with RA operations query just as was done for query
Q2.
(b) Compare queries Q3 and Q4 in a similar way as we did for Q1 and
Q2.
You should experiment with different sizes for R. Incidentally, these
relations do not need to use the same m,n, and l parameters as those
shown in the above table for Q1 and Q2.
(c) What conclusions can you draw from the results of these experiments?
8. Now consider query Q5 which is an implementation of the ONLY set
semijoin between R and S. (See the lecture on set semijoins for more
information.)
(Incidentally, if you look at the code for makerandomR you will see a relation Ra that provides the domain of all a values. You will need to use this
relation in the queries. Analogously, in the code for makerandomS you will
see the relation Sb that contains the domain of all b values.)
In SQL, Q5 can be expressed as follows:
select ra.a
from Ra ra
where not exists (select r.b
from R r
where r.a = ra.a and
r.b not in (select s.b from S s));
(a) Translate and optimize this query and call it Q6. Then write Q6 as
an SQL query with RA operations just as was done for Q2 above.
2
It is actually really surprising that the PostgreSQL system did not optimize query Q1 any
better.
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(b) Compare queries Q5 and Q6 in a similar way as we did for Q1 and
Q2.
You should experiment with different sizes for R and S. (Vary the
size of S from smaller to larger.) Also use the same value for the
parameter n in makerandomR(m, n, l) and makerandomS(n, l) so that
the maximum number of b values in R and S are the same.
(c) What conclusions can you draw from the results of these experiments?
9. Now consider query Q7 which is an implementation of the ALL set semijoin
between R and S. (See the lecture on set semijoins for more information.)
In SQL, Q7 can be expressed as follows:
select ra.a
from Ra ra
where not exists (select s.b
from S s
where s.b not in (select r.b
from R r
where r.a = ra.a));
(a) Translate and optimize this query and call it Q8. Then write Q8 as
an SQL query with RA operations just as was done for query Q2
above.
(b) Compare queries Q7 and Q8 in a similar way as we did for Q1 and
Q2.
You should experiment with different sizes for R and S. (Vary the
size of S from smaller to larger.) Also use the same value for the
parameter n in makerandomR(m, n, l) and makerandomS(n, l) so that
the maximum number of b values in R and S are the same.
(c) What conclusions can you draw from the results of these experiments?
(d) Furthermore, what conclusion can you draw when you compare you
experiment with those for the ONLY set semijoin in problem 8?
10. Reconsider problem 8. We can also solve this problem by using a query
wherein set objects are created (see Lecture 15). Below we show this query.
Call this query Q9.
Explain briefly how query Q9 works and how it solves the problem.
with NestedR as (select r.a, array_agg(r.b order by 1) as Bs
from R r
group by (r.a)),
SetS as (select array(select s.b from S s order by 1) as Bs)
select r.a
from NestedR r, SetS s
where r.Bs <@ s.Bs
union
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select r.a
from NestedR r
where r.Bs = ’{}’;
(a) Now, using the same experimental data as in question 8, show the
execution time of running this query and compare those with the
ones obtained for queries Q5 and Q6.
(b) What conclusions can you draw from the results of these experiments?
11. Reconsider problem 9. We can also solve this problem by using a query
wherein set objects are created. Below we show this query. Call this query
Q10. (We assume that S 6= ∅.)
Explain briefly how query Q10 works and how it solves the problem.
with NestedR as (select r.a, array_agg(r.b order by 1) as Bs
from R r
group by (r.a)),
SetS as (select array(select s.b from S s order by 1) as Bs)
select r.a
from NestedR r, SetS s
where s.Bs <@ r.Bs
(a) Now, using the same experimental data as in question 9, show the
execution time of running this query and compare those with the
ones obtained for queries Q7 and Q8.
(b) You should also run additional experiments that only compare query
Q8 and Q10.
(c) What conclusions can you draw from the results of these experiments?
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4 Formulating Queries in the Object-Relational
Model
In the following problems, use the data provided for the student, majors, book,
cites, buys relations.
The purpose of this assignment is to work with object-relational databases
and to use these to solve queries.
12. Consider the function setunion which computes the set union of two sets
represented as arrays. Notice that this function is defined polymorphically.
create or replace function setunion(A anyarray, B anyarray) returns anyarray as
$$
with
Aset as (select UNNEST(A)),
Bset as (select UNNEST(B))
select array( (select * from Aset) union (select * from Bset) order by 1);
$$ language sql;
(a) In the style of the setunion function, write a function setintersection
that computes the intersection of two sets.
(b) In the style of the setunion function, write a function setdifference
that computes the set difference of two sets.
You will need to use these functions in the remaining problems.
You can also make use of the function isIn which checks if an object x is
in a set S. (Again this function is defined polymorphically.)
create or replace function isIn(x anyelement, S anyarray)
returns boolean as
$$
select x = SOME(S)
$$ language sql;
13. Consider the view student books(sid,books) which associates with each
student the set of booknos of books he or she buys. Observe that there
may be students who bought no books.
create or replace view student_books as
select s.sid, array(select t.bookno
from buys t
where t.sid = s.sid order by bookno) as books
from student s order by sid;
(a) Define a view book students(bookno,students) which associates
with each book the set of sids of students who bought that book.
Observe that there may be books that are not bought by any student.
(b) Define a view book citedbooks(bookno,citedbooks) which associates with each bookno of a book the set of booknos of books cited
by that book. Observe that there may be books that cite no books.
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(c) Define a view book citingbooks(bookno,citingbooks) which associates with each bookno the set of booknos of books that cite that
book. Observe that there may be books that are not cited.
(d) Define a view major students(major,students) which associates
with each major the set of sids of students who have that major.
(You can assume that each major has at least one student.)
(e) Define a view student majors(sid,majors) which associates with
each student sid the set of his or her majors. Observe that there may
be students who have no major.
Test that each of these views work properly. You will need to use them in
the subsequent problems.
14. Using the above defined functions, views, and the book and student relations, specify the following queries in SQL.
So observe that you are not permitted to use the buys, cites, and major
relations in your queries. You don’t need these relations since that are
but encapsulated inside the functions.
For example, a query such as
select distinct t.sid
from buys t, book b
where t.bookno = b.bookno and b.price < 50;
is not permitted. Rather, you should use the equivalent object-relational
query
select distinct s.sid
from student_books s, book b
where isIn(b.bookno, s.books) and b.price < 50;
(a) Find the bookno and title of each book that cites at least three books
that cost less than $50.
(b) Find the bookno and title of each book that was not bought by any
students who majors in ‘CS’.
(c) Find the sid of each student who bought all books that cost at least
$50.
(d) Find the bookno of book that was not only bought by students who
major in ‘CS’.
(e) Find the bookno and title of each book that was not only bought by
students who bought all books that cost more than $45.
(f) Find sid-bookno pairs (s, b) such that not all books bought by student
s are books that cite book b.
(g) Find the pairs (b1, b2) of booknos of books that where bought by the
same set of students.
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(h) Find the pairs (b1, b2) of booknos of books that where bought by the
same number of students.
(i) Find the sid of each student who bought all but four books.
(j) Find the sid of each student who bought no more books than the
combined number of books bought by the set of students who major
in Psychology.
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