CptS355 Assignment 4 (PostScript Interpreter – Part 1 and 2) solution

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An Interpreter for a Simple Postscript-like Language
The Problem
In this assignment you will write an interpreter in Python for a simplified PostScript-like language,
concentrating on key computational features of the abstract machine, omitting all PS features related to
graphics, and using a somewhat-simplified syntax. The simplified language, SPS, has the following
features of PS:
 integer constants, e.g. 123: in Python3 there is no practical limit on the size of integers
 string constants, e.g. (CptS355): string delimited in parenthesis (Make sure to keep the
parenthesis delimiters when you store the string constants in the opstack and the
dictstack.)
 name constants, e.g. /fact: start with a / and letter followed by an arbitrary sequence of
letters and numbers
 names to be looked up in the dictionary stack, e.g. fact: as for name constants, without the /
 code constants: code between matched curly braces { … }
 built-in operators on numbers: add, sub, mul, div, mod, eq, lt, gt
 built-in operators on string values: length, get, getinterval, put. See the
lecture notes for more information on string functions.
 built-in conditional operators: if, ifelse (you will implement if/ifelse operators in
Part2)
 built-in loop operator: for (you will implement for operator in Part 2).
 stack operators: dup, copy, pop, clear, exch, roll
 dictionary creation operator: dict; takes one operand from the operand stack, ignores it, and
creates a new, empty dictionary on the operand stack (we will call this psDict)
 dictionary stack manipulation operators: begin, end. begin requires one dictionary
operand on the operand stack; end has no operands.
 name definition operator: def.
 defining (using def) and calling functions (we will call this psDef)
 stack printing operator (prints contents of stack without changing it): stack
Part 1 – Requirements
In Part 1 you will build some essential pieces of the interpreter but not yet the full interpreter. The
pieces you build will be driven by Python test code rather than actual Postscript programs. The pieces
you are going to build first are:
1. The operand stack
2. The dictionary stack
3. Defining variables (with def) and looking up names
4. The operators that don’t involve code arrays: all of the operators except for loop,
if/ifelse operators, and calling functions (You will complete these in Part 2)
1. The Operand Stack – opstack
The operand stack should be implemented as a Python list. The list will contain Python integers, strings,
and later in Part 2 code arrays. Python integers and lists on the stack represent Postscript integer
constants and array constants. Python strings which start with a slash / on the stack represent names of
Postscript variables. When using a list as a stack, assume that the top of the stack is he end of the list
(i.e., the pushing and popping happens at the end of the list).
2. The Dictionary Stack – dictstack
The dictionary stack is also implemented as a Python list. It will contain Python dictionaries which will be
the implementation for Postscript dictionaries. The dictionary stack needs to support adding and
removing dictionaries at the top of the stack (i.e., end of the list), as well as defining and looking up
names.
3. Operators
Operators will be implemented as zero-argument Python functions that manipulate the operand and
dictionary stacks. For example, the div operator could be implemented as the below Python function
(with comments instead of actual implementations)
def div():
op1 = # pop the top value off the operand stack
op2 = # pop the top value off the operand stack
# push (op1 / op2) onto the operand stack
The begin and end operators are a little different in that they manipulate the dictionary stack in
addition to or instead of the operand stack. Remember that the psDict operator affects only the
operand stack.
(Note about dict: Remember that the dict operator takes an integer operand from the operand
stack and pushes an empty dictionary to the operand stack (affects only the operand stack). The initial
size argument is ignored – Postscript requires it for backward compatibility of dict operator with the
early Postscript versions).
The def operator takes two operands from the operand stack: a string (recall that strings that start with
“/” in the operand stack represent names of postscript variables) and a value. It changes the dictionary
at the top of the dictionary stack so that the string is mapped to the value by that dictionary. Notice
that def does not change the number of dictionaries on the dictionary stack!
4. define and lookup
You will write two helper functions, define and lookup, to define a variables and to lookup the value
of a variable, respectively.
The define function adds the “name:value” pair to the top dictionary in the dictionary stack. Your
psDef function ( i.e., your implementation of the Postscript def operator) should pop the name and
value from operand stack and call the “define” function.
You should keep the ‘/’ in the name constant when you store it in the dictStack.
def define(name, value):
pass
#add name:value pair to the top dictionary in the dictionary stack.
The lookup function should look-up the value of a given variable in the dictionary stack. In Part 2,
when you interpret simple Postscript expressions, you will call this function for variable lookups and
function calls.
def lookup(name):
pass
# return the value associated with name
# What is your design decision about what to do when there is no
definition for “name”? If “name” is not defined, your program should not
break, but should give an appropriate error message.
You may start your implementation using the below skeleton code. Please make sure to use the
function names given below.
#————————- 10% ————————————-
# The operand stack: define the operand stack and its operations
opstack = [] #assuming top of the stack is the end of the list
# Now define the helper functions to push and pop values on the opstack (i.e,
add/remove elements to/from the end of the Python list)
# Remember that there is a Postscript operator called “pop” so we choose
different names for these functions.
# Recall that `pass` in python is a no-op: replace it with your code.
def opPop():
pass
# opPop should return the popped value.
# The pop() function should call opPop to pop the top value from the
opstack, but it will ignore the popped value.
def opPush(value):
pass
#————————– 20% ————————————-
# The dictionary stack: define the dictionary stack and its operations
dictstack = [] #assuming top of the stack is the end of the list
# now define functions to push and pop dictionaries on the dictstack, to
# define name, and to lookup a name
def dictPop():
pass
# dictPop pops the top dictionary from the dictionary stack.
def dictPush(d):
pass
#dictPush pushes the dictionary ‘d’ to the dictstack.
#Note that, your interpreter will call dictPush only when Postscript
#“begin” operator is called. “begin” should pop the empty dictionary from
#the opstack and push it onto the dictstack by calling dictPush.
def define(name, value):
pass
#add name:value pair to the top dictionary in the dictionary stack.
#Keep the ‘/’ in the name constant.
#Your psDef function should pop the name and value from operand stack and
#call the “define” function.
def lookup(name):
pass
# return the value associated with name
# What is your design decision about what to do when there is no
definition for “name”? If “name” is not defined, your program should not
break, but should give an appropriate error message.
#————————— 10% ————————————-
# Arithmetic operators: define all the arithmetic operators here
#Make sure to check the operand stack has the correct number of parameters
and types of the parameters are correct.
def add():
pass
def sub():
pass
def mul():
pass
def div():
pass
def mod():
pass
def eq():
pass
def lt():
pass
def gt():
pass
#————————— 15% ————————————-
# String operators: define the string operators length, get, getinterval, put
def length():
pass
def get():
pass
def getinterval():
pass
def put():
pass
#————————— 25% ————————————-
# Define the stack manipulation and print operators: dup, copy, pop, clear,
exch, roll, stack
def dup():
pass
def copy():
pass
def pop():
pass
def clear():
pass
def exch():
pass
def roll():
pass
def stack():
pass
Important Note: For all operators you need to implement basic checks, i.e., check whether there are
sufficient number of values in the operand stack and check whether those values have correct types.
Examples:
def operator: the operands stack should have 2 values where the second value from top of the stack is
a string starting with ‘/’
get operator : the operand stack should have 2 values; the top value on the stack should be an integer
and the second value should be an string value.
Test your code:
def testAdd():
opPush(1)
opPush(2)
add()
if opPop() != 3:
return False
return True
def testLookup():
opPush(“\n1”)
opPush(3)
psDef()
if lookup(“n1”) != 3:
return False
return True

# go on writing test code for ALL of your code here; think about edge cases,
# and other points where you are likely to make a mistake.
Main Program
To run all the tests, your main may look like:
def main_part1():
testCases = [(‘define’,testDefine),(‘lookup’,testLookup),(‘add’,
testAdd), (‘sub’, testSub),(‘mul’, testMul),(‘div’, testDiv)]
# add the rest of the test functions to this list along with suitable names
failedTests =
[testName for (testName, testProc) in testCases if not testProc()]

if failedTests:
return (‘Some tests failed’, failedTests)
else:
return (‘All part-1 tests OK’)
if __name__ == ‘__main__’:
print(main_part1())

CptS355 – Assignment 4 (PostScript Interpreter – Part 2)
An Interpreter for a Simple Postscript-like Language
Weight: The entire interpreter project (Part 1 and Part 2 together) will count for 12% of your course
grade. Part 2 is worth 9%.
This assignment is to be your own work. Refer to the course academic integrity statement in the
syllabus.
Turning in your assignment
Rename your Part-1 submission file as HW4_part2.py and continue developing your code in the
HW4_part2.py file. I strongly encourage you to save a copy of periodically so you can go back in time
if you really mess something up. To submit your assignment, turn in your file by uploading on the
dropbox on Blackboard (under AssignmentSubmisions menu).
The file that you upload must be named HW4_part2.py . Be sure to include your name as a comment at
the top of the file. You may turn in your assignment up to 4 times. Only the last one submitted will be
graded.
Implement your code for Python 3. The TA will run all assignments using Python3 interpreter. You will
lose points if your code is incompatible with Python 3.
The work you turn in is to be your own personal work. You may not copy another student’s code or
work together on writing code. You may not copy code from the web, or anything else that lets you
avoid solving the problems for yourself.
Grading
The assignment will be marked for good programming style (appropriate algorithms, good indentation
and appropriate comments — refer to the Python style guide) — as well as thoroughness of testing and
clean and correct execution. You will lose points if you don’t (1) provide test functions / additional test
cases, (2) explain your code with appropriate comments, and (3) follow a good programming style.
The Problem
In this assignment you will write an interpreter in Python for a simplified PostScript-like language,
concentrating on key computational features of the abstract machine, omitting all PS features related to
graphics, and using a somewhat-simplified syntax. The simplified language, SPS, has the following
features of PS:
 integer constants, e.g. 123: in Python3 there is no practical limit on the size of integers
 string constants, e.g. (CptS355): string delimited in parenthesis (Make sure to keep the
parenthesis delimiters when you store the string constants in the opstack and the
dictstack.)
 name constants, e.g. /fact: start with a / and letter followed by an arbitrary sequence of
letters and numbers
 names to be looked up in the dictionary stack, e.g. fact: as for name constants, without the /
 code constants: code between matched curly braces { … }
 built-in operators on numbers: add, sub, mul, div, mod, eq, lt, gt
 built-in operators on string values: length, get, getinterval, put (you will revise
your implementation for put operator in Part2).
 built-in conditional operators: if, ifelse (you will implement if/ifelse operators in
Part2)
 built-in loop operator: for (you will implement for operator in Part2).
 stack operators: dup, copy, pop, clear, exch, roll
 dictionary creation operator: dict; takes one operand from the operand stack, ignores it, and
creates a new, empty dictionary on the operand stack (we will call this psDict)
 dictionary stack manipulation operators: begin, end. begin requires one dictionary
operand on the operand stack; end has no operands.
 name definition operator: def.
 defining (using def we will call this psDef) and calling functions
 stack printing operator (prints contents of stack without changing it): stack
Part 2 – Requirements
In Part 2 you will continue building the interpreter, making use of everything you built in Part 1. The
pieces needed to complete the interpreter are:
1. Revising the string put operator.
2. Parsing “Simple Postscript” code
3. Handling of code-arrays
4. Handling the if and ifelse operators (write the Python methods psIf and psIfelse)
5. Handling the for operator (write the Python method psFor)
6. Function calling
7. Interpreting input strings (code) in the simple Postscript language.
1. Revise the string put operator
Remember that the put operator gets a string, an index (integer), and an ASCII character (from the
stack), and replaces the character at index with the new character in the string. Revise your string put
operator implementation from part-1 as follows:
When a string is updated by the “put” operator, all copies of the same string (i.e., the strings that have
the same object-id) in the opstack and the dictstack should be updated. Since Python strings
are immutable, rather than changing the value of the string itself, you should update each stack entry in
the opstack and the dictstack that refer to the same string with the updated string value.
Note: In Python, each object has an associated id which can be retrieved using the id() method (for
example when s=’355’, id(s) will give the unique id for the specified string object.)
The above approach is not exactly replicating Postscript put. However, we are simplifying the language
to make the implementation easier.
You can unit test your put implementation using the following function:
def testPut():
opPush(“(This is a test _)”)
dup()
opPush(“/s”)
exch()
psDef()
dup()
opPush(15)
opPush(48)
put()
if lookup(“s”) != “(This is a test 0)” or opPop()!= “(This is a test 0)”:
return False
return True
2. Parsing
Parsing is the process by which a program is converted to a data structure that can be further processed
by an interpreter or compiler. To parse the SPS programs, we will convert the continuous input text to a
list of tokens and convert each token to our chosen representation for it. In SPS the tokens are: numbers
with optional negative sign, multi-character names (with and without a preceding /), string constants
enclosed in parenthesis (i.e., ( ) ) and the curly brace characters (i.e., “}” and “{“). We’ve already decided
about how some of these will be represented: numbers as Python numbers, names as Python strings,
booleans as Python booleans, string constants as Python strings, etc. For code-arrays, we will represent
things falling between the braces using Python lists.
3-6. Handling of code-arrays: if/ifelse, for operators, and function calling
Recall that a code-array is pushed on the stack as a single unit when it is read from the input. Once a
code-array is on the stack several things can happen:
– if it is the top item on the stack when a def is executed, it is stored as the value of the name
defined by the def.
– if it is the body part of an if/ifelse operator, it is recursively interpreted as part of the
evaluation of the if/ifelse. For the if operator, the code-array is interpreted only if the
“condition” argument for if operator is true. For the ifelse operator, if the “condition”
argument is true, first code-array is interpreted, otherwise the second code-array is evaluated.
– if it is the body part of a for operator, it is recursively interpreted as part of the evaluation of
the for loop. At each iteration of the for loop the loop index is pushed onto the stack.
– finally, if when a name is looked up you find that its value is a code-array, the code-array is
recursively interpreted.
(We will get to interpreting momentarily).
7. Interpreter
A key insight is that a complete SPS program is essentially a code-array. It doesn’t have curly braces
around it but it is a chunk of code that needs to be interpreted. This suggests how to proceed:
– Convert the SPS program (a string of text) into a list of tokens and code-arrays.
– Define a Python function interpret that takes one of these lists as input and processes it.
– Interpret the body of the if/ifelse, and for operators recursively.
– When a name lookup produces a code-array as its result, recursively interpret it, thus
implementing Postscript function calls.
Implementing Your Postscript Interpreter
I. Parsing
Parsing converts an SPS program in the form a string to a program in the form of a code-array. It will
work in two stages:
1. Convert all the string to a list of tokens.
Given:
“/square {dup mul} def 0 1 1 5 {square add} for 55 eq stack”
will be converted to
[‘/square’, ‘{‘, ‘dup’, ‘mul’, ‘}’, ‘def’, ‘0’, ‘1’, ‘1’, ‘5’, ‘{‘, ‘square’,
‘add’, ‘}’, ‘for’, ’55’, ‘eq’, ‘stack’]
Use the following code to tokenize your SPS program.
import re
def tokenize(s):
return re.findall(“/?[a-zA-Z()][a-zA-Z0-9_()]*|[-]?[0-9]+|[}{]+|%.*|[^
\t\n]”, s)
Important note: To simplify parsing, we will assume that SPS string constant values don’t include any
space characters. (The regular expression in the above tokenize function won’t work with constant
strings that include spaces.)
Another tokenize example:
print (tokenize(“””
/pow2 {/n exch def
(pow2_of_n_is) dup 8 n 48 add put
1 n -1 1 {pop 2 mul} for
} def
(Calculating_pow2_of_9) dup 20 get 48 sub pow2
stack
“””
))
returns
[‘/pow2’, ‘{‘, ‘/n’, ‘exch’, ‘def’, ‘(Pow2_of_n_is)’, ‘dup’, ‘8’, ‘n’, ’48’,
‘add’, ‘put’, ‘1’, ‘n’, ‘-1’, ‘1’, ‘{‘, ‘pop’, ‘2’, ‘mul’, ‘}’, ‘for’, ‘}’,
‘def’, ‘(Calculating_pow2_of_9)’, ‘dup’, ’20’, ‘get’, ’48’, ‘sub’, ‘pow2’,
‘stack’]
2. Convert the token list to a code-array
The output of tokenize isn’t fully suitable because things between matching curly braces are not
themselves grouped into a code-array. We need to convert the output for the above example to:
[‘/pow2’, [‘/n’, ‘exch’, ‘def’, ‘(Pow2_of_n_is)’, ‘dup’, 8, ‘n’, 48, ‘add’,
‘put’, 1, ‘n’, -1, 1, [‘pop’, 2, ‘mul’], ‘for’], ‘def’,
‘(Calculating_pow2_of_9)’, ‘dup’, 20, ‘get’, 48, ‘sub’, ‘pow2’, ‘stack’]
Notice how in addition to grouping tokens between curly braces into lists, we’ve also converted the
strings that represent numbers to Python numbers, and the strings that represent booleans to Python
boolean values. We kept the parenthesis delimiters for SPS string constants.
The main issue in how to convert to a code-array is how to group things that fall in between matching
curly braces. There are several ways to do this. One possible way is find the matching opening and
closing parenthesis (“{“ and “}”) recursively, and including all tokens between them in a Python list.
Here is some starting code to find the matching parenthesis using an iterator. Here we iterate over the
characters of a string (rather than a list of tokens) using a Python iter and we try to find the matching
curly braces. This code assumes that the input string includes opening and closing curly braces only (e.g.,
“{{}{{}}}”)
# The it argument is an iterator. The sequence of return characters should
# represent a string of properly nested {} parentheses pairs, from which
# the leasing ‘{‘ has been removed. If the parentheses are not properly
# nested, returns False.
def groupMatching1(it):
res = []
for c in it:
if c == ‘}’:
return res
else:
# Note how we use a recursive call to group the inner matching
# parenthesis string and append it as a whole to the list we are
# constructing. Also note how we have already seen the leading
# ‘{‘ of this inner group and consumed it from the iterator.
res.append(groupMatching1(it))
return False
# Function to parse a string of { and } braces. Properly nested parentheses
# are arranged into a list of properly nested lists.
def group(s):
res = []
it = iter(s)
for c in it:
if c==’}’: #non matching closing parenthesis; return false
return False
else:
res.append(groupMatching1(it))
return res
So, group(“{{}{{}}}”) will return [[[], [[]]]]
Here we use an iterator constructed from a string, but the iter function will equally well create an
iterator from a list. Of course, your code has to deal with the tokens between curly braces and include
all tokens between 2 matching opening/closing curly braces inside the code-arrays .
To illustrate the above point, consider this modified version of groupMatching and group (now
called parse) which also handles the tokens before the first curly braces and between matching braces.
# The it argument is an iterator.
# The sequence of return characters should represent a list of properly nested
# tokens, where the tokens between ‘{‘ and ‘}’ is included as a sublist. If the
# parenteses in the input iterator is not properly nested, returns False.
def groupMatching2(it):
res = []
for c in it:
if c == ‘}’:
return res
elif c=='{‘:
# Note how we use a recursive call to group the tokens inside the
# inner matching parenthesis.
# Once the recursive call returns the code-array for the inner
# parenthesis, it will be appended to the list we are constructing
# as a whole.
res.append(groupMatching2(it))
else:
res.append(c)
return False
# Function to parse a list of tokens and arrange the tokens between { and } braces
# as code-arrays.
# Properly nested parentheses are arranged into a list of properly nested lists.
def parse(L):
res = []
it = iter(L)
for c in it:
if c==’}’: #non matching closing parenthesis; return false since there is
# a syntax error in the Postscript code.
return False
elif c=='{‘:
res.append(groupMatching2(it))
else:
res.append(c)
return res
parse([‘b’, ‘c’, ‘{‘, ‘a’, ‘{‘, ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘}’, ‘{‘, ‘{‘, ‘e’, ‘}’, ‘a’, ‘}’, ‘}’])
returns
[‘b’, ‘c’, [‘a’, [‘a’, ‘b’], [[‘e’], ‘a’]]]
Your parsing implementation
Start with the groupMatching2 and parse functions above; update the parse code so that the
strings representing numbers/booleans/arrays are converted to Python integers/booleans/lists.
parse([‘/pow2’, ‘{‘, ‘/n’, ‘exch’, ‘def’, ‘(Pow2_of_n_is)’, ‘dup’, ‘8’, ‘n’,
’48’, ‘add’, ‘put’, ‘1’, ‘n’, ‘-1’, ‘1’, ‘{‘, ‘pop’, ‘2’, ‘mul’, ‘}’, ‘for’,
‘}’, ‘def’, ‘(Calculating_pow2_of_9)’, ‘dup’, ’20’, ‘get’, ’48’, ‘sub’,
‘pow2’, ‘stack’])
should return:
[‘/pow2’, [‘/n’, ‘exch’, ‘def’, ‘(Pow2_of_n_is)’, ‘dup’, 8, ‘n’, 48, ‘add’,
‘put’, 1, ‘n’, -1, 1, [‘pop’, 2, ‘mul’], ‘for’], ‘def’,
‘(Calculating_pow2_of_9)’, ‘dup’, 20, ‘get’, 48, ‘sub’, ‘pow2’, ‘stack’]
II. Interpret code-arrays
We’re now ready to write the interpret function. It takes a code-array as argument, and changes the
state of the operand and dictionary stacks according to what it finds there, doing any output indicated
by the SPS program (using the stack operator) along the way. Note that your interpretSPS function
needs to be recursive: interpretSPS will be called recursively when a name is looked up and its
value is a code-array (i.e., function call), or when the body of the if , ifelse, and for operators are
interpreted.
III. Interpret the SPS code
# Write the necessary code here; again write
# auxiliary functions if you need them. This will probably be the largest
# function of the whole project, but it will have a very regular and obvious
# structure if you’ve followed the plan of the assignment.
#
def interpretSPS(code): # code is a code-array
pass
Finally, we can write the interpreter function that treats a string as an SPS program and interprets
it.
# Copy this to your HW4_part2.py file>
def interpreter(s): # s is a string
interpretSPS(parse(tokenize(s)))
Testing
First test the parsing
Before even attempting to run your full interpreter, make sure that your parsing is working correctly.
Make sure you get the correct parsed output for the following:
1.
input1 = “””
/square {
dup mul
} def
(square)
4 square
dup 16 eq
{(pass)} {(fail)} ifelse
stack
“””
tokenize(input1) will return:
[‘/square’, ‘{‘, ‘dup’, ‘mul’, ‘}’, ‘def’, ‘(square)’, ‘4’, ‘square’,
‘dup’, ’16’, ‘eq’, ‘{‘, ‘(pass)’, ‘}’, ‘{‘, ‘(fail)’, ‘}’, ‘ifelse’,
‘stack’]
parse(tokenize(input1)) will return:
[‘/square’, [‘dup’, ‘mul’], ‘def’, ‘(square)’, 4, ‘square’, ‘dup’, 16,
‘eq’, [‘(pass)’], [‘(fail)’], ‘ifelse’, ‘stack’]
2.
input2 =”””
(facto) dup length /n exch def
/fact {
0 dict begin
/n exch def
n 2 lt
{ 1}
{n 1 sub fact n mul }
ifelse
end
} def
n fact stack
“””
tokenize(input2) will return:
[‘(facto)’, ‘dup’, ‘length’, ‘/n’, ‘exch’, ‘def’, ‘/fact’, ‘{‘, ‘0’,
‘dict’, ‘begin’, ‘/n’, ‘exch’, ‘def’, ‘n’, ‘2’, ‘lt’, ‘{‘, ‘1’, ‘}’, ‘{‘,
‘n’, ‘1’, ‘sub’, ‘fact’, ‘n’, ‘mul’, ‘}’, ‘ifelse’, ‘end’, ‘}’, ‘def’,
‘n’, ‘fact’, ‘stack’]
parse(tokenize(input2)) will return:
[‘(facto)’, ‘dup’, ‘length’, ‘/n’, ‘exch’, ‘def’, ‘/fact’, [0, ‘dict’,
‘begin’, ‘/n’, ‘exch’, ‘def’, ‘n’, 2, ‘lt’, [1], [‘n’, 1, ‘sub’, ‘fact’,
‘n’, ‘mul’], ‘ifelse’, ‘end’], ‘def’, ‘n’, ‘fact’, ‘stack’]
3.
input3 = “””
/fact{
0 dict
begin
/n exch def
1
n -1 1 {mul} for
end
} def
6
fact
stack
“””
tokenize(input3) will return:
[‘/fact’, ‘{‘, ‘0’, ‘dict’, ‘begin’, ‘/n’, ‘exch’, ‘def’, ‘1’, ‘n’, ‘-1’,
‘1’, ‘{‘, ‘mul’, ‘}’, ‘for’, ‘end’, ‘}’, ‘def’, ‘6’, ‘fact’, ‘stack’]
parse(tokenize(input3)) will return:
[‘/fact’, [0, ‘dict’, ‘begin’, ‘/n’, ‘exch’, ‘def’, 1, ‘n’, -1, 1,
[‘mul’], ‘for’, ‘end’], ‘def’, 6, ‘fact’, ‘stack’]
4.
input4 = “””
/lt6 { 6 lt } def
1 2 3 4 5 6 4 -3 roll
dup dup lt6 {mul mul mul} if
stack
clear
“””
tokenize(input4) will return:
[‘/lt6’, ‘{‘, ‘6’, ‘lt’, ‘}’, ‘def’, ‘1’, ‘2’, ‘3’, ‘4’, ‘5’, ‘6’, ‘4’, ‘-
3’, ‘roll’, ‘dup’, ‘dup’, ‘lt6’, ‘{‘, ‘mul’, ‘mul’, ‘mul’, ‘}’, ‘if’,
‘stack’, ‘clear’]
parse(tokenize(input4)) will return:
[‘/lt6’, [6, ‘lt’], ‘def’, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 4, -3, ‘roll’, ‘dup’, ‘dup’,
‘lt6’, [‘mul’, ‘mul’, ‘mul’], ‘if’, ‘stack’, ‘clear’]
5.
input5 = “””
(CptS355_HW5) 4 3 getinterval
(355) eq
{(You_are_in_CptS355)} if
stack
“””
tokenize(input5) will return:
[‘(CptS355_HW5)’, ‘4’, ‘3’, ‘getinterval’, ‘(355)’, ‘eq’, ‘{‘,
‘(You_are_in_CptS355)’, ‘}’, ‘if’, ‘stack’]
parse(tokenize(input5)) will return:
[‘(CptS355_HW5)’, 4, 3, ‘getinterval’, ‘(355)’, ‘eq’,
[‘(You_are_in_CptS355)’], ‘if’, ‘stack’]
6.
input6 = “””
/pow2 {/n exch def
(pow2_of_n_is) dup 8 n 48 add put
1 n -1 1 {pop 2 mul} for
} def
(Calculating_pow2_of_9) dup 20 get 48 sub pow2
stack
“””
tokenize(input6) will return:
[‘/pow2’, ‘{‘, ‘/n’, ‘exch’, ‘def’, ‘(pow2_of_n_is)’, ‘dup’, ‘8’, ‘n’,
’48’, ‘add’, ‘put’, ‘1’, ‘n’, ‘-1’, ‘1’, ‘{‘, ‘pop’, ‘2’, ‘mul’, ‘}’,
‘for’, ‘}’, ‘def’, ‘(Calculating_pow2_of_9)’, ‘dup’, ’20’, ‘get’, ’48’,
‘sub’, ‘pow2’, ‘stack’]
parse(tokenize(input6)) will return:
[‘/pow2’, [‘/n’, ‘exch’, ‘def’, ‘(pow2_of_n_is)’, ‘dup’, 8, ‘n’, 48,
‘add’, ‘put’, 1, ‘n’, -1, 1, [‘pop’, 2, ‘mul’], ‘for’], ‘def’,
‘(Calculating_pow2_of_9)’, ‘dup’, 20, ‘get’, 48, ‘sub’, ‘pow2’, ‘stack’]
When you parse:
– Make sure that the integer constants are converted to Python integers/floats.
– Make sure that the boolean constants are converted to Python booleans.
– Make sure that code-arrays are represented as sublists.
Finally, test the full interpreter. Run the test cases on the GhostScript shell to check for the correct
output and compare with the output from your interpreter.
When you run your tests make sure to clear the opstack and dictstack.
interpreter(input1) should print:
(pass)
16
(square)
interpreter(input2) should print:
120
(facto)
interpreter(input3) should print:
720
interpreter(input4) should print:
300
6
2
1
interpreter(input5) should print:
(You_are_in_CptS355)
interpreter(input6) should print:
512
(Pow2_of_9_is)
(Calculating_pow2_of_9)