Description
Spring 2025
Q1 [25 points] Analyzing trips data with PySpark
Follow these instructions to download and set up a preconfigured Docker image that you will use for this assignment. that you will use for this assignment. Why use Docker? In earlier iterations of this course, students installed software on their own machines, and we (both students and instructor team) ran into many issues that could not be resolved satisfactorily. Docker allows us to distribute a cross-platform, preconfigured image with all the requisite software and correct package versions. Once Docker is installed and the container is running, access Jupyter by browsing to http://localhost:6242. There is no need to install any additional Java or PySpark dependencies as they are all bundled as part of the Docker container. You will use the yellow_tripdata_2019-01_short.csv dataset, a modified record of the NYC Green Taxi trips that includes information about the pick-up and drop-off dates/times, pick-up and drop-off locations, trip distances, fare amounts, payment types, and driver-reported passenger counts. When processing the data or performing calculations, do not round any values, unless specifically instructed to. Technology PySpark, Docker Deliverables [Gradescope] q1.ipynb: your solution as a Jupyter Notebook file IMPORTANT NOTES: • Only regular PySpark Dataframe Operations can be used. • Do NOT use PySpark SQL functions, i.e., sqlContext.sql(‘select * … ‘). We noticed that students frequently encountered difficult-to-resolve issues when using these functions. Additionally, since you already worked extensively with SQL in HW1, completing this task in SQL would offer limited educational value. • Do not reference sqlContext within the functions you are defining for the assignment. • If you re-run cells, remember to restart the kernel to clear the Spark context, otherwise an existing Spark context may cause errors. • Be sure to save your work often! If you do not see your notebook in Jupyter, then double check that the file is present in the folder and that your Docker has been set up correctly. If, after checking both, the file still does not appear in Jupyter then you can still move forward by clicking the “upload” button in the Jupyter notebook and uploading the file – however, if you use this approach, then your file will not be saved to disk when you save in Jupyter, so you would need to download your work by going to File > Download as… > Notebook (.ipynb), so be sure to download often to save your work! • Do not add any cells or additional library imports to the notebook. • Remove all your additional debugging code that renders output, as it will crash Gradescope. For instance, any additional print, display and show statements used for debugging must be removed. • If you encounter a “connection refused” error on Gradescope, it likely means that the system timed out while running your code. Review your code to ensure you aren’t performing unnecessary processing, such as using overly complex nested loops. Tasks and point breakdown 1. [4 pt] You will be modifying the function clean_data to clean the data. Cast the following columns into the specified data types: a. passenger_count — integer b. total_amount — float c. tip_amount — float d. trip_distance — float 4 Version 0 e. fare_amount — float f. tpep_pickup_datetime — timestamp g. tpep_dropoff_datetime — timestamp 2. [6 pts] You will be modifying the function common_pair. Return the top 10 pickup-dropoff location pairs that have the highest sum of passenger_count who have traveled between them. Sort the location pairs by total passengers between pairs. For each location pair, also compute the average amount per passenger over all trips (name this per_person_rate), utilizing total_amount. For pairs with the same total passengers, sort them in descending order of per_person_rate. Filter out any trips that have the same pick-up and drop-off location. Rename the column for total passengers to total_passenger_count. Sample Output Format — The values below are for demonstration purposes: PULocationID DOLocationID total_passenger_count per_person_rate 1 2 23 5.242345 3 4 5 6.61345634 3. [6 pts] You will be modifying the function distance_with_most_tip . Filter the data for trips having fares (fare_amount) greater than $2.00 and a trip distance (trip_distance) greater than 0. Calculate the tip percent (tip_amount * 100 / fare_amount) for each trip. Round all trip distances up to the closest mile and find the average tip_percent for each trip_distance. Sort the result in descending order of tip_percent to obtain the top 15 trip distances which tip the most generously. Rename the column for rounded trip distances to trip_distance, and the column for average tip percents tip_percent. Sample Output Format — The values below are for demonstration purposes: trip_distance tip_percent 2 6.2632344561 1 4.42342882 4. [9 pts] You will be modifying the function time_with_most_traffic to determine which hour of the day has the most traffic. Calculate the traffic for a particular hour using the average speed of all taxi trips which began during that hour. Calculate the average speed as the average trip_distance divided by the average trip duration, as distance per hour. Make sure to determine the average durations and average trip distances before calculating the speed. It will likely be helpful to cast the dates to the long data type when determining the interval. A day with low average speed indicates high levels of traffic. The average speed may be 0, indicating very high levels of traffic. Additionally, you must separate the hours into AM and PM, with hours 0:00-11:59 being AM, and hours 12:00-23:59 being PM. Convert these times to the 12-hour time, so you can match the output below. For example, the row with 1 as time of day, should show the average speed between 1 am and 2 am in the am_avg_speed column, and between 1 pm and 2pm in the pm_avg_speed column. Use date_format along with the appropriate pattern letters to format the time of day so that it 5 Version 0 matches the example output below. Your final table should contain values sorted from 0-11 for time_of_day. There may be data missing for a time of day, and it may be null for am_avg_speed or pm_avg_speed. If an hour has no data for am or pm, there may be missing rows. You will not have rows for all possible times of day, and do not need to add them to the data if they are missing. Sample Output Format — The values below are for demonstration purposes: time_of_day am_avg_speed pm_avg_speed 1 0.953452345 9.23345272 2 5.2424622 null 4 null 2.55421905 6 Version 0 Q2 [30 pts] Analyzing dataset with Spark/Scala on Databricks Firstly, go over this Spark on Databricks Tutorial, to learn the basics of creating Spark jobs, loading data, and working with data. You will analyze nyc-tripdata.csv1 using Spark and Scala on the Databricks platform. (A short description of how Spark and Scala are related can be found here.) You will also need to use the taxi zone lookup table using taxi_zone_lookup.csv that maps the location ID into the actual name of the region in NYC. The nyc-trip data dataset is a modified record of the NYC Green Taxi trips and includes information about the pick-up and drop-off dates/times, pick-up and drop-off locations, trip distances, fare amounts, payment types, and driverreported passenger counts. Technology Spark/Scala, Databricks Deliverables [Gradescope] • q2.dbc: Your solution as Scala Notebook archive file (.dbc) exported from Databricks (see Databricks Setup Guide below) • q2.scala: Your solution as a Scala source file exported from Databricks (see Databricks Setup Guide below) • q2_results.csv: The output results from your Scala code in the Databricks q2 notebook file. You must carefully copy the outputs of the display()/show() function into a file titled q2_results.csv under the relevant sections. Please double-check and compare your actual output with the results you copied. IMPORTANT NOTES: • Use only Firefox, Safari or Chrome when configuring anything related to Databricks. The setup process has been verified to work on these browsers. • Carefully follow the instructions in the Databricks Setup Guide. (You should have already downloaded the data needed for this question using the link provided before Homework Overview.) o You must choose the Databricks Runtime (DBR) version as “10.4 (includes Apache Spark 3.2.1, Scala 2.12)”. We will grade your work using this version. o Note that you do not need to install Scala or Spark on your local machine. They are provided with the DBR environment. • You must use only Scala DataFrame operations for this question. Scala DataFrames are just another name for Spark DataSet of rows. You can use the DataSet API in Spark to work on these DataFrames. Here is a Spark document that will help you get started on working with DataFrames in Spark. You will lose points if you use SQL queries, Python, or R to manipulate a DataFrame. o After selecting the default language as SCALA, do not use the language magic % with other languages like %r, %python, %sql etc. Language magics are used to override the default language, which you must not do for this assignment. o You must not use full SQL queries in lieu of the Spark DataFrame API. That is, you must not use functions like sql(), which allows you to directly write full SQL queries like spark.sql (“SELECT* FROM col1 WHERE …”). This should be df.select(“*”) instead. • The template Scala notebook q2.dbc (in hw3-skeleton) provides you with code that reads a data file nyc-tripdata.csv. The input data is loaded into a DataFrame, inferring the schema using reflection (Refer to the Databricks Setup Guide above). It also contains code that filters the data to only keep the rows where the pickup location is different from the drop location, and the trip distance is strictly greater than 2.0 (>2.0). 1 Graph derived from the NYC Taxi and Limousine Commission 7 Version 0 o All tasks listed below must be performed on this filtered DataFrame, or you will end up with wrong answers. o Carefully read the instructions in the notebook, which provides hints for solving the problems. • Some tasks in this question have specified data types for the results that are of lower precision (e.g., float). For these tasks, we will accept relevant higher precision formats (e.g., double). Similarly, we will accept results stored in data types that offer “greater range” (e.g., long, bigint) than what we have specified (e.g., int). • Remove all your additional debugging code that renders output, as it will crash Gradescope. For instance, any additional print, display and show statements used for debugging must be removed. • Hint: You may find some of the following DataFrame operations helpful: toDF, join, select, groupBy, orderBy, filter, agg, window(), partitionBy, orderBy, etc. Tasks and point breakdown 1. List the top 5 most popular locations for: a. [2 pts] dropoff based on “DOLocationID”, sorted in descending order by popularity. If there is a tie, then one with a lower “DOLocationID” gets listed first. b. [2 pts] pickup based on “PULocationID”, sorted in descending order by popularity. If there is a tie, then the one with a lower “PULocationID” gets listed first. 2. [4 pts] List the top 3 locationID’s with the maximum overall activity. Here, overall activity at a LocationID is simply the sum of all pick-ups and all drop-offs at that LocationID. In case of a tie, the lower LocationID gets listed first. Note: If a taxi picked up 3 passengers at once, we count it as 1 pickup and not 3 pickups. 3. [4 pts] List all the boroughs (of NYC: Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, Staten Island, Bronx along with “Unknown” and “EWR”) and their total number of activities, in descending order of a total number of activities. Here, the total number of activities for a borough (e.g., Queens) is the sum of the overall activities (as defined in part 2) of all the LocationIDs that fall in that borough (Queens). An example output format is shown below. 4. [5 pts] List the top 2 days of the week with the largest number of daily average pick-ups, along with the average number of pick-ups on each of the 2 days in descending order (no rounding off required). Here, the average pickup is calculated by taking an average of the number of pick-ups on different dates falling on the same day of the week. For example, 02/01/2021, 02/08/2021 and 02/15/2021 are all Mondays, so the average pick-ups for these is the sum of the pickups on each date divided by 3. An example output is shown below. 8 Version 0 Note: The day of week is a string of the day’s full spelling, e.g., “Monday” instead of the number 1 or “Mon”. Also, the pickup_datetime is in the format: yyyy-mm-dd 5. [6 pts] For each hour of a day (0 to 23, 0 being midnight) in the order from 0 to 23 (inclusively), find the zone in the Brooklyn borough with the largest number of total pick-ups. Note: All dates for each hour should be included. 6. [7 pts] Find which 3 different days in the month of January, in Manhattan, that saw the largest positive percentage increase in pick-ups compared to the previous day, in the order from largest percentage increase to smallest percentage increase. An example output is shown below. Note: All years need to be aggregated to calculate the pickups for a specific day of January. The change from Dec 31 to Jan 1 can be excluded. List the results of the above tasks in the provided q2_results.csv file under the relevant sections. These preformatted sections also show you the required output format from your Scala code with the necessary columns — while column names can be different, their resulting values must be correct. • You must manually enter the output generated into the corresponding sections of the q2_results.csv file, preferably using some spreadsheet software like MS-Excel (but make sure to keep the csv format). For generating the output in the Scala notebook, refer to show() and display()functions of Scala. • Note that you can edit this csv file using text editor, but please be mindful about putting the results under designated columns. • If you encounter a “UnicodeDecodeError”, please save file as “.csv UTF-8″ to resolve. Note: Do NOT modify anything other than filling in those required output values in this csv file. We grade by running the Spark Scala code you write and by looking at your results listed in this file. So, make sure your output is obtained from the Spark Scala code you write. Failure to include the dbc and scala files will result in a deduction from your overall score. 9 Version 0 Q3 [35 points] Analyzing Large Amount of Data with PySpark on AWS You will try out PySpark for processing data on Amazon Web Services (AWS). Here you can learn more about PySpark and how it can be used for data analysis. You will be completing a task that may be accomplished using a commodity computer (e.g., consumer-grade laptops or desktops). However, we would like you to use this exercise as an opportunity to learn distributed computing on AWS, and to gain experience that will help you tackle more complex problems. The services you will primarily be using are Amazon S3 storage, Amazon Athena. You will be creating an S3 bucket, running code using Athena and its serverless PySpark engine, and then storing the output into that S3 bucket. Amazon Athena is serverless, meaning that you pay only for what you use. There are no servers to maintain that will accrue costs whether it’s being used or not. For this question, you will only use up a very small fraction of your AWS credit. If you have any issues with the AWS Academy account, please post in the dedicated AWS Setup Ed Discussion thread. In this question, you will use a dataset of trip records provided by the New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission (TLC). You will be accessing the dataset directly through AWS via the code outlined in the homework skeleton. Specifically, you will be working with two samples of this dataset, one small, and one much larger. Optionally, if you would like to learn more about the dataset, check out here and here; also optionally, you may explore the structure of the data by referring to [1] [2]. You are provided with a python notebook (q3.ipynb) file which you will complete and load into Athena. You may need to allow third party cookies in your browser if the notebook doesn’t load in Athena. You are provided with the load_data() function, which loads two PySpark DataFrames. The first DataFrame, trips, contains trip data where each record refers to one (1) trip. The second DataFrame, zones, maps a LocationID to its trip information. It can be linked to either the PULocationID or DOLocationID fields in the trips DataFrame. Technology PySpark, AWS Deliverables [Gradescope] • q3.ipynb: PySpark notebook for this question (for the larger dataset). • q3_output_large.csv: output file (comma-separated) for the larger dataset. IMPORTANT NOTES • Use Firefox, Safari or Chrome when configuring anything related to AWS. • EXTREMELY IMPORTANT: Both datasets are in the US East (N. Virginia) region. Using machines in other regions for computation will incur data transfer charges. Hence, set your region to US East (N. Virginia) in the beginning (not Oregon, which is the default). This is extremely important, otherwise your code may not work, and you may be charged extra. • Strictly follow the guidelines below, or your answer may not be graded. a. Ensure that the parameters for each function remain as defined and the output order and names of the fields in the PySpark DataFrames are maintained. b. Do not import any functions which were not already imported within the skeleton. c. You will not have access to the Spark object directly in the autograder. If you use it in your functions, the autograder will fail! d. Double check that you are submitting the correct files, and the filenames follow the correct naming standard — we only want the script and output from the larger dataset. Also, double check that you are writing the right dataset’s output to the right file. 10 Version 0 e. You are welcome to store your script’s output in any bucket you choose if you can download and submit the correct files. f. Do not make any manual changes to the output files. g. Do not remove #export from the HW skeleton. h. Do not import any additional packages, as this may cause the autograder to malfunction. Everything you need has already been imported for you. i. Using .rdd() can cause issues in the GradeScope environment. You can accomplish this assignment without it. In general, since the RDD API is outdated (though not deprecated), you should be wary of using this API. j. Remove all your additional debugging code that renders output, as it will crash Gradescope. For instance, any additional print, display and show statements used for debugging must be removed. k. Refer to DataFrame commands such as filter, join, groupBy, agg, limit, sort, withColumnRenamed and withColumn. Documentation for the DataFrame APIs is located here. l. Testing on a single, small dataset (i.e. a “test case”) is helpful, but is not sufficient for discovering all potential issues, especially if such issues only become apparent when the code is run on larger datasets. It is important for you to develop more ways to review and verify your code logic. m. Overwriting the DataFrames from the function parameters can cause unintended side effects when it comes to rounding. Be sure to preserve the DataFrames in each function. n. Make sure you return a DataFrame. If you get NoneType errors, you are most likely not returning what you think you are. o. Some columns may need to be cast to the right data type. Keep that in mind! Tasks and point breakdown 1. [0 pts] Setting up the AWS environment. a. Go through all the steps in the AWS Setup Guide. You should have already completed Step 1 to create your account) to set up your AWS environment, e.g., creating S3 storage bucket, and uploading skeleton file. 2. [1 pts] user() a. Returns your GT Username as a string (e.g., gburdell3) 3. [3 pts] trip_statistics(trips) a. Compute basic statistics (count, mean, stddev, min, max) for trip_distance. b. Returns PySpark DataFrame with the schema (summary, trip_distance) 4. [5 pts] busiest_hour(trips) a. Determine the hour (0-23) of the day with the highest number of trips. b. Returns a PySpark DataFrame with a single row showing the hour with the highest trip count and the corresponding number of trips. Schema (hour, trip_count) 5. [5 pts] most_freq_pickup_locations(trips) a. Identify the top 10 pickup locations (by PULocationID) with the highest number of trips. b. Returns a PySpark DataFrame showing the top 10 PULocationIDs with the highest trip counts. Schema (PULocationID, trip_count) 6. [6 pts] avg_trip_distance_and_duration(trips) a. Calculate the average trip distance and average trip duration in minutes (i.e., divided by 60) for each hour of the day (0-23). A valid trip must have a non-null timestamp and a trip duration greater than zero. b. Returns a PySpark DataFrame with 24 rows showing each hour (0-23) along with the average trip distance and average trip duration for that hour. Schema (hour, avg_trip_distance, avg_trip_duration) Note: You can use unix_timestamp to help with calculating the duration. If there are null or invalid timestamps, you will want to handle those accordingly. 11 Version 0 7. [10 pts] most_freq_peak_hour_fares(trips, zones) a. Identify the top 10 most frequent routes (combinations of PULocationID and DOLocationID) with pickups during peak hours (e.g., 7 AM – 9 AM and 4 PM – 7 PM). Peak hours can be defined as 7 <= hour < 9 and 16 <= hour < 19. Display the pickup and drop-off location ID pairs along with their trip counts and average total fare rounded to two decimal places. To be a valid trip, a route must have a drop-off location different from the pickup location. b. Returns a PySpark DataFrame showing the top 10 routes during peak hours with their trip counts, following the schema (PULocationID, PUZone, DOLocationID, DOZone, trip_count, avg_total_fare) 8. [5 pts] q3_output_large.csv a. The csv output of most_freq_peak_hour_fares using the large dataset, submitted to Gradescope as q3_output_large.csv Note: There are expected DataFrame output examples for each question in q3.ipynb. Once you have implemented all these functions, run the main() function with the large dataset, which has already been implemented, and update the line of code to include the name of your output S3 bucket and a location. This function will overwrite your output if the output directory already exists, so be aware of that when you do multiple runs. It will execute all your functions at once against the large dataset. Your output file will appear in a folder in your s3 bucket as a csv file with a name which is similar to part0000-4d992f7a-0ad3-48f8-8c72-0022984e4b50-c000.csv. Download this file and rename it to q3_output_large.csv for submission. Do NOT make any other changes to the file. Once you have finished coding, you can export the notebook from “Notebook Explorer” by selecting your notebook and clicking “Export File” from the Actions dropdown. 12 Version 0 Q4 [10 points] Analyzing a Large Dataset using Spark on GCP The goal of this question is to familiarize you with creating storage buckets/clusters and running Spark programs on Google Cloud Platform. This question asks you to create a new Google Storage Bucket and load the NYC Taxi & Limousine Commission Dataset. You are also provided with a Jupyter Notebook q4.ipynb file, which you will load and complete in a Google Dataproc Cluster. Inside the notebook, you are provided with the skeleton for the load_data() function, which you will complete to load a PySpark DataFrame from the Google Storage Bucket you created as part of this question. Using this PySpark DataFrame, you will complete the following tasks using Spark DataFrame functions. You will use the data file yellow_tripdata09-08-2021.csv. The preceding link allows you to download the dataset you are required to work with for this question from the course DropBox. Each line represents a single taxi trip consisting of the comma-separated columns bulleted below. All columns are of string data type. You must convert the highlighted columns below into decimal data type (do NOT use float datatype) inside their respective functions when completing this question. Do not convert any datatypes within the load_data function. While casting to a decimal datatype, use a precision of 38 and a scale of 10. • vendorid • tpep_pickup_datetime • tpep_dropoff_datetime • passenger_count • trip_distance (decimal data type) • ratecodeid • store_and_fwd_flag • pulocationid • dolocationid • payment_type • fare_amount (decimal data type) • extra • mta_tax • tip_amount (decimal data type) • tolls_amount (decimal data type) • improvement_surcharge • total_amount Technology Spark, Google Cloud Platform (GCP) Deliverables [Gradescope] q4.ipynb: the PySpark notebook for this question. IMPORTANT NOTES: • Use Firefox, Safari or Chrome when configuring anything related to GCP. • Strictly follow the guidelines below, or your answer may not be graded. o Regular PySpark Dataframe Operations can be used. o Do NOT use any functions from the RDD API or your code will break the autograder. In general, the RDD API is considered outdated, so you should use the DataFrame API for better performance and compatibility. o Make sure to download the notebook from your GCP cluster before deleting the GCP cluster (otherwise, you will lose your work). o Do not add new cells to the notebook, as this may break the auto-grader. o Remove all your additional debugging code that renders output, as it will crash Gradescope. For instance, any additional print, display and show statements used for debugging must be removed. o Do not use any .rdd function in your code. Not only will this break the autograder, but you should 13 Version 0 be wary of using this function in general. o Ensure that you are only submitting a COMPLETE solution to Gradescope. Anything less will break the autograder. Write local unit tests to help test your code. Tasks and point breakdown 1. [0 pts] Set up your GCP environment a. Instructions to set up GCP Credits, GCP Storage and Dataproc Cluster are provided here: written instructions. b. Helpful tips/FAQs for special scenarios: i. If GCP service is disabled for your google account, try the steps in this google support link ii. If you have any issues with the GCP free credits, please post in the dedicated GCP Setup Ed Discussion thread. 2. [0 pts — required] Function load_data()to load data from a Google Storage Bucket into a Spark DataFrame a. You must first perform this task (part 2) BEFORE performing parts 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. No points are allocated to task 2, but it is essential that you correctly implement the load_data()function as the remaining graded tasks depend upon this task and its correct implementation. Upload code to Gradescope ONLY after completing all tasks and removing/commenting all the testing code. Anything else will break the autograder. 3. [2 pts] Function exclude_no_pickup_locations() to exclude trips with no pick-up locations (pick-up location id column is null or is zero) in the original data from a. 4. [2 pts] Function exclude_no_trip_distance() to exclude trips with no distance (i.e., trip distance column is null or zero) in the dataframe output by exclude_no_pickup_locations(). 5. [2 pts] Function include_fare_range() to include trips with fare from $20 (inclusively) to $60 (inclusively) in the dataframe output by exclude_no_trip_distance(). 6. [2 pts] Function get_highest_tip() to identify the highest tip (rounded to 2 decimal places) in the dataframe output by include_fare_range(). 7. [2 pts] Function get_total_toll() to calculate the total toll amount (rounded to 2 decimal places) in the dataframe output by include_fare_range(). 14 Version 0
