Description
Implementation and Bonus
In order to find a single source shortest path, you are asked to implement described
on Ch12 part2.pptx powerpoint under blackboard. If you recall, this algorithm (the
array version) runs in O(V
2 + E) time, where V is the number of vertices in the
graph and E is the number of edges. The O(V
2
) component refers to the number of
operations carried out to find every minimum distance vertex extracted from the set
of unvisited vertices at the beginning of each iteration of the while loop. The O(E)
component results from comparing and possibly updating the distances of all vertices
adjacent to the minimum distance vertices. In other words, the for loop within the
while loop runs O(E) operations in total.
Heap version If your graph is not too dense (meaning the graph does not contain an overwhelming number of edges), you may want to consider storing the set of
unvisited vertices in a min heap using distance to the source vertex as a key. This
will help you find all the minimum distance vertices extracted at the beginning of each
iteration of the while loop in O(V log(V )) time as opposed to O(V
2
) time. Of course,
when you now update the distance of a neighboring vertex in the for loop below, you
must also update that vertex’s position in the min heap. As you already know, bubbling up an element in a min heap of n elements takes just O(log(n)) time, but the
initial searching for the element takes O(n) time. In order to avoid the O(n) search,
you must implement a lookup table that returns a vertex’s index in the min heap in
O(1) time. If implemented correctly, the cumulative time complexity of updating the
distance values of vertices in the min heap version of Dijkstra’s would be O(E log(V )).
In other words, using a lookup table and a min heap, the for loop within the while loop
runs in O(E log(V )) time as opposed to the O(E) time seen in the version of Dijkstra’s
algorithm described in the previous paragraph. Thus, the total time complexity of this
modified Dijkstra’s algorithm is O(V log(V ) + E log(V )). As said early, it is more
advantageous to use the min heap version if your graph is not overwhelmingly dense.
There are different ways to implement this lookup table. One setup could be an
array of pointers, where each element stores the address of the corresponding vertex
in the min-heap. In order to communicate back to the lookup table, the elements in
the min-heap should be designed as the combinations of (vertex-index, distance) or
(vertex-index, distance, predecessor).
In this project, the 6 final grade points will be awarded if you successfully implement
the array version of Dijkstra’s algorithm, as described in lecture. If you successfully
implement the min heap version, you will be awarded the 6 final grade points plus 3
bonus points. For the students who decide to implement the heap version, I would
suggest you start with the array version for a correct baseline. Also, please include a
note in your submission to inform the TA that your implementation is the heap version.
1
Input
Input is read from the keyboard. The first line of input is the number of test
cases K. Each of the K test cases is written in the following format:
Individual Test Case Format
n
city 1
city 2
.
.
.
city n
d 11 d 12 … d 1n
d 21 d 22 … d 2n
.
.
.
d n1 d n2 … d nn
The first line of each test case is the number of cities n in the graph. The next n lines
are the names of each city. City names consist only of alphabetic characters. Following
the list of n city names is an nxn distance matrix where each distance d ij is an integer
value in the range [0, 10000] representing the distance of the road connecting city i to
city j. A distance d ij = 0 indicates that there does not exist any road connecting
city i to city j. For this project, all roads will be undirected, which means d ij = d ji
for all cities i and j. As a result, every input distance matrix will be symmetric.
Output
For each test case, output a space delimited list of all the city names in the shortest
path connecting city 1 and city n followed by the integer distance of the path. City
names should be listed in order of when they are to be visited starting from city 1
and ending with city n. If city 1 has multiple shortest paths to city n, just output
one of them. Also note that in every test case, there will always be a path connecting
city 1 to city n.
Sample Test Cases
Use input redirection to redirect commands written in a file to the standard input, e.g.
$ ./a.out < input1.dat.
Input 1
1
4
Akron
Athens
2
Columbus
Cleveland
0 1 2 0
1 0 5 6
2 5 0 7
0 6 7 0
Output 1
Akron Athens Cleveland 7
Turn In
Submit your source code under blackboard. If you have multiple files, package them
into a zip file.
Grading
Total: 100 pts.
• 10/100 - Code style, commenting, general readability.
• 05/100 - Compiles.
• 05/100 - Follows provided input and output format.
• 80/100 - Successfully implemented Dijkstra’s algorithm.
• 30/100 - Bonus points for heap implementations.
3
